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From London to Vienna: 10 major European cities that wouldn't exist without the Roman Empire

2026-08-23 15:31:36Histori SHKRUAR NGA REDAKSIA VOX
10 European cities that wouldn't exist without the Roman Empire

From London and Vienna, to Barcelona, ??Cologne and Lyon, many of Europe's most important cities were born as Roman colonies or military camps.

Unlike Paris, Marseille or Cordoba, which existed even before the Roman conquest, these cities were created thanks to the expansion of the Roman Empire and transformed over the centuries into large urban centers, writes Focus Storia.

Londinium – London, United Kingdom

Founded shortly after the conquest of Britain in 43 AD, Londinium began as a trading center on the banks of the Thames. In less than a century, it had surpassed 40,000 inhabitants, becoming one of the most important trading centers on the continent. Destroyed during the revolt of Boudicca (60-61 AD) and subsequently rebuilt, it is today a metropolis of almost ten million inhabitants.

Vindobona – Vienna, Austria

Founded in the 1st century AD as a legionary fortress on the Danube, Vindobona was tasked with protecting the northern border of the Empire. Emperor Marcus Aurelius also stayed here during the Marcomannic Wars (c. 167–189 AD). A city grew up around the camp, which over the centuries became the capital of Austria and one of the leading cultural centers of Europe.

Barcino, Barcelona, ??Spain

Founded between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, Barcino was a small Roman colony protected by powerful walls. Although much less important than nearby Tarraco (present-day Tarragona), it managed to flourish thanks to a thriving maritime trade. Even today, long sections of the fortifications built almost two thousand years ago can be admired in the historic center of the Catalan capital.

Valentia – Valencia, Spain

Founded in 138 BC to house veterans of the Roman army, Valencia rose in a strategic position on the Mediterranean coast about 250 km south of Tarraco. Destroyed during the Roman civil wars (75 BC), it was rebuilt decades later and returned to prosperity thanks to trade. Modern Valencia, with over 800,000 inhabitants, still retains traces of the ancient Roman urban plan.

Caesaraugusta – Zaragoza, Spain

It is one of the few Roman cities that has retained, albeit modified and shortened, the name of the emperor who founded it: Caesar Augustus. Founded in 14 BC on the banks of the Ebro, Caesaraugusta became an important administrative and commercial center of Hispania.

Even today it preserves the ruins of the forum, river port, and baths built by the Romans.

Colonia Agrippina – Cologne, Germany

Modern Cologne owes its name to the Empress Agrippina, who in 50 AD persuaded Emperor Claudius to transform her birthplace into a Roman colony. Situated along the Rhine River, it quickly became a major commercial and military center and is today one of the most populous cities in Germany, where numerous remnants of the imperial era are still visible.

Augusta Vindelicorum – Augsburg, Germany

Founded in 15 BC during the conquest of the Alps, Augusta is one of the oldest cities in Germany, the main urban center of Rhaetia, which flourished thanks to its location along important trade routes. Today, it has over 300,000 inhabitants and retains its ancient name, although it no longer refers to the Vindelici, a Celtic people who inhabited the region before the conquest.

Mamucium – Manchester, United Kingdom

Manchester's origins date back to a Roman fort built around 79 AD on the site of present-day Castlefield. Its primary function was to control the routes of communication of Northern Britain. Although the original settlement was modest, from that nucleus grew one of the emblematic cities of the Industrial Revolution and the modern United Kingdom.

Lugdunum - Lyon, France

Founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, Lugdunum became the capital of Gaul and one of the major centers of Roman Europe. Situated at the confluence of the Rhône and Saône rivers, it controlled an extensive network of imperial roads and was the birthplace of Emperor Claudius on 1 August 10 BC. By the 2nd century, it was a city of around 50,000 inhabitants, one of the most populous in the Roman West.

Eboracum – York, United Kingdom

Founded as a legionary fort in 71 AD, Eboracum was the main Roman garrison in Northern England. The emperors Septimius Severus and Constantius Chlorus died here, while the latter's son, Constantine, was proclaimed emperor by the local legions. Modern York, with a population of 203,000, still retains walls, streets and important evidence of its Roman origins.


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