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How the Palestinian group Hamas was created, how it came to power and who finances it

2023-11-03 23:27:50Kosova&Bota SHKRUAR NGA REUTERS
How the Palestinian group Hamas was created, how it came to power and who
How the Palestinian group Hamas was created

The Palestinian group Hamas launched a surprise attack from the Gaza Strip in southern Israel on October 7, killing 1,400 people and making it the deadliest day in Israel's history.

The attack sparked a war between Israel and Hamas, followed by the heaviest Israeli bombardment of the Gaza Strip in 75 years of conflict. More than 9,000 Palestinians have been killed since the start of Israeli military operations in the Gaza Strip.

WHAT ORGANIZATION IS HAMAS?

Hamas, which means Islamic Resistance Movement in Arabic, was founded in 1987 by the Muslim Brotherhood during the first Palestinian Intifada (uprising).

Hamas has been declared a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, Canada and Japan. Hamas characterizes its armed activities as resistance against the Israeli occupation.

WHAT ARE THE GOALS OF HAMAS?

Hamas wants all of the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, which includes the modern state of Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Hamas does not recognize the state of Israel and has violently opposed the Oslo peace accords between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), reached in the mid-1990s.

Hamas's founding charter, published in 1988, calls for the destruction of Israel, although Hamas leaders have on several occasions offered a long-term ceasefire with Israel in exchange for a stable Palestinian state in all of the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel in war of 1967. Israel regards this as an attempt at deception.

HOW DID HAMAS COME TO POWER?

Hamas has controlled the Gaza Strip since 2007 after a brief civil war with forces loyal to the Fatah movement, led by President Mahmoud Abbas, who is based in the West Bank and heads the Palestine Liberation Organization, which has more secular view.

Hamas's takeover of the Gaza Strip followed its victory in the 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, the last time they were held in the area. Hamas accused Mr. Abbas of plotting against him. Abbas considered the events of his year a coup.

Since 2007, there have been a number of conflicts between Hamas and Israel, including Hamas rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip into Israel and Israeli air strikes and bombing of Gaza.

WHO ARE HAMAS MILITANTS?

The armed wing of Hamas is called the "Izz el-Deen al-Qassam" Brigades, which sent armed militants wearing suicide vests towards Israel, and used them to attack with thousands of rockets and mortar shells.

The military wing of Hamas is highly secretive and is led by Mohammed Deifi, who was also the architect of the October 7 attack on Israel. Hamas has bases throughout Gaza, as well as members throughout the Israeli-occupied West Bank and beyond. Many of the leaders and fighters are believed to be already hiding inside the giant network of tunnels under Gaza, awaiting an attack by Israeli ground forces.

WHO FINANCES HAMAS?

Although it is a Sunni Muslim group, Hamas is part of a regional alliance along with Iran, Syria and the Shiite Islamist group Hezbollah in Lebanon, which together act against US policies in the Middle East and in Israel.

Although its main base of support is in Gaza, Hamas also has supporters throughout the Palestinian territories and its leaders are spread across several countries in the Middle East, including Qatar.

Hamas has received funding, weapons and training from Iran, but it also has a global funding network, which it uses to get support from charities and countries that support it, by funneling hard money through Gaza tunnels, or by used cryptocurrencies to circumvent international sanctions, experts and officials say.

The US State Department says Hamas also collects funds in other Gulf countries and donations from Palestinians, the diaspora and its charities.

Matthew Levitt, a former US counter-terrorism official, estimates that the majority of Hamas' budget of more than $300 million comes from taxes on businesses, as well as from other countries, such as Iran and Qatar, or from charitable organizations.


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