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What are the eight countries that have military assets in the Arctic?

2026-01-22 22:46:44Kosova&Bota SHKRUAR NGA REDAKSIA VOX

US President Donald Trump wants to buy Greenland, saying it is the only way the United States can ensure its defense. Denmark and Greenland, an autonomous territory, refuse, saying any of Washington's concerns can be addressed through existing defense agreements.

Eight countries have territory in the Arctic: Russia, the United States, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. Reuters has compiled a summary of their military assets.

RUSSIA

Half of the land in the Arctic is Russian territory. Since 2005, Moscow has reopened and modernized dozens of Soviet-era military bases, both on Arctic land and on its northern islands.

Russia maintains a high state of alert at its nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya, an Arctic archipelago, although it has not conducted a nuclear explosion test since 1990. Last October, it conducted a test of the nuclear-powered Burevestnik cruise missile from Novaya Zemlya.

In the European Arctic, the Kola Peninsula houses about two-thirds of Russia's second-strike nuclear capabilities, the ability to respond to a nuclear attack, according to Mathieu Boulegue, a researcher at the Wilson Center's Polar Institute.

The area is also home to Russia's Northern Fleet, headquartered in Severomorsk, which operates six of the country's 12 nuclear-armed submarines. The other six are operated by the Pacific Fleet, based in Vladivostok.

The only way for the Northern Fleet to enter the North Atlantic is through the Barents Sea, between the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard and the northern coast of Europe. Maintaining this free access is vital for Moscow.

UNITED STATES AND CANADA

Since 1957, the US and Canada have jointly defended against threats to their territories, including nuclear missiles, through the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD).

They are modernizing NORAD: Canada is purchasing two over-the-horizon radar systems covering the Arctic and polar approaches, with the first expected to be operational by 2028.

President Trump wants to develop a new missile defense system, called Golden Dome, for which he says Greenland is essential.

Washington has the Pituffik Space Base in northern Greenland under a defense agreement with Denmark. Otherwise, the bulk of its Arctic forces are located at eight bases in Alaska and number about 22,000 military personnel.

Canada has five Arctic bases, including Alert, a signals intelligence station on Ellesmere Island, the northernmost permanent settlement in the world.

South of the Arctic Circle, Canada operates a base in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, which houses a patrol group and an air base.

Canada is building a facility on Baffin Island to supply patrol boats, although the project has suffered numerous delays. Meanwhile, the US is expanding its existing ports in Nome, Alaska.

DENMARK

Denmark's Joint Arctic Command, headquartered in Greenland's capital, Nuuk, has around 150 military and civilian personnel.

JAC is also present at Kangerlussuaq Air Base as well as at four smaller military stations in eastern and northeastern Greenland. JAC has a liaison officer in Pituffik.

The Sirius Patrol with its sled dogs, mocked by Trump, is a military unit that conducts long-term reconnaissance in the extreme conditions of northeastern Greenland.

SWEDEN AND FINLAND

Sweden has no bases north of the Arctic Circle, but does have an air base in Lulea, on the northern shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, and a military base with two regiments in Boden, about 40 km inland.

Finland has an air base in Rovaniemi, in the Arctic Circle, and a Jaeger Brigade base further north, in Finnish Lapland.

Since joining NATO, both countries have been integrating their militaries with the rest of the alliance.

NORWAY

Norway is NATO's monitor for a vast maritime area of ??about 2 million km² of the North Atlantic, including the Arctic.

Many of its military installations are located above the Arctic Circle. It has four air bases, including one for the new F-35 fighter jets, two naval bases, a string of land bases and a reception center for NATO allies coming for reinforcements in case of attack.

There are no military installations in Svalbard, Norway's Arctic archipelago.

Puffin Island

The North Atlantic island is a member of NATO, but it has no army, only a coast guard service.

It houses US Navy P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft on a rotational deployment, based at Keflavik Air Base, near Reykjavik.

NATO fighter jets periodically rotate to Keflavik to keep Icelandic airspace safe. The deployment typically lasts two to three weeks, three times a year.


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